Soils
Challenges
Soil is a heterogenous combination of minerals, organic constituents, living organisms, liquids and gases. It can be highly variable, spatially and temporally, at all scales. - Global Information Systems/Global Positioning Systems technologies allow detailed mapping of agricultural land. Technology exists to gain spatial information about the weight and quality of the crop and to apply fertilizer at variable rates to replace nutrients removed with the crop. Missing in this Precision Agriculture capability are economically-practical methods to gain information on soil quality and nutrient levels at the same scale.
- Conventional analytical chemistry determines the quantity and elemental composition of the organic matter but analyzing its quality or functional properties is labour-intensive and costly. Conventional methods measure amounts and forms of nutrients present, but there is presently no accurate and reliable prediction of mineralization rates.
- Conventional fertility analysis of soil is sufficiently costly that typically only a small number of cores are sampled from a field and often these are pooled for chemical analysis. Minor elements and heavy metals are rarely routinely determined.
- Results from analyses performed in commercial analytical laboratories are not available for several days after samples are submitted.
PDK explores the feasibility of applying NIRS for analysis of nutrients and heavy metals in Canadian prairie agricultural soils for fertility analysis and environmental monitoring. Studies focus on:
- determining nutrients (total and plant-available) and metals in field moist soil.
- usefulness of NIRS for the analysis of dried, archived soil. The Canada/Manitoba soil archive contains more than 22,000 samples. NIR spectra from these samples may provide long-term monitoring data without the requirement for major additional chemical analysis. Archiving of NIR spectra on currently-collected samples may help offset the decline in environmental monitoring effort currently underway in Canada.
Partners/Collaborators
- Western Land Resource Group, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ellis Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB
- Soil Resource Section, Soils and Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture, Ellis Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB.
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current SK
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa MB
- The Remote Sensing and-GIS Laboratory, Department of Geography, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of National Defense, Station Forces, Winnipeg MB
Funding
- Industrial Research Assistance Program of the National Research Council of Canada, Project No. 302983 (1998)
- Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council Inc./Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (1999-2000)
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Science Horizons Program (1999-2000)
- Department of National Defense, Station Forces, Winnipeg (1996)
Projects
- Prediction of soil organic carbon and nitrogen at the field level using near infrared spectroscopy.
- Review of application of NIRS to agricultural soil, including remote sensing.
- Feasibility study on measuring metals and organic matter in dried Prairie soils and Cd in durum wheat by near-infrared spectroscopy.
References for the analysis of agricultural and other soils using NIRS, including remote sensing
Unlike other environmental matrices, soil has been extensively analyzed by NIRS over more than three decades.
Primary Publications
Al-Abbas, A.H., P.H. Swain, and M.F. Baumgardner. 1972. Relating organic matter and clay content to the multispectral radiance of soils. Soil Science 114: 477-485.
Atanassova, S., D. Pavlov, S. Eneva, and M. Todorova. 2004. Nondestructive determination of chemical composition and classification of soils by near infrared spectroscopy. Pp 829-834. In A.M.C. Davies and A. Garrido-Varo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Baumgardner M.F., S. Kristof, C.J. Johannsen, and A., Zachary. 1970. Effects of organic matter on multispectral properties of soils. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 79:413-422.
Ben-Dor, E. 2002. Quantitative remote sensing of soil properties. Adv. Agron. 75:173-243. Academic Press.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1990. Diffuse reflectance spectra of smectite minerals in the near infrared and their relationship to chemical composition. Sci. Geol. Bull. (Strasbourg) 43(2-4): 117-128.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1990. Near-infrared reflectance analysis of carbonate concentration in soils. Applied Spectroscopy 44: 1064-1069.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1994. Visible and near-infrared (0.4-1.1 :m) analysis of arid and semiarid soils. Remote Sens. Environ. 48: 261-274.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1995. Near infrared analysis (NIRA) as a method to simultaneously evaluate spectral featureless constituents in soils. Soil Science 159: 259-270.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1995. Near infrared analysis as a rapid method to simultaneously evaluate several soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59: 364-372.
Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1995. Quantitative analysis of convolved Thematic Mapper spectra of soils in the visible near-infrared and shortwave-infrared spectral regions (0.4-2.5 :m). Int. J. Remote Sensing 16: 3509-3528.
Ben-Dor, E. Y. Inbar and Y. Chen. 1997. The reflectance spectra of organic matter in the visible near-infrared and short wave infrared region (400-2500 nm) during a controlled decomposition process. Remote Sens. Environ. 61: 1-15.
Ben-Dor, E and F.A. Kruse. 1995. Surface mineral mapping of Makhtesh Ramon Negev, Israel using GER 63 channel scanner data. Int. J. Remote Sensing 16: 3529-3553.
Ben-Dor, E., F.A. Kruse, J.B. Dietz, A.W. Braun, and A. Banin. 1996. Spatial distortion and quantitative geological mapping of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel, by using the GER 63 Channel Scanner data. Can. J. Remote Sensing 22: 258-268.
Ben-Dor E., K. Patkin, A. Banin, and A. Karnieli. 2002. Mapping of several soil properties using DAIS-7915 hyperspectral scanner data - a case study over clayey soils in Israel. Int. J. Remote Sens. 23:1043-1062.
Börjesson, T., B. Stenberg, B. Lindén, and A. Jonsson. 1999. NIR spectroscopy, mineral nitrogen analysis and soil incubations for the prediction of crop uptake of nitrogen during the growing season. Plant and Soil 214: 75-83.
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Brown, D.J., K.D. Shepherd, M.G. Walsh, M.D. Mays, and T.G. Reinsch. Global soil characterization with VNIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (in press)
Chang, C.-W. and Laird, D. A. 2002. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic analysis of soil C and N. Soil Sci. 167: 110-116.
Chang, C.-W., D. A., Laird, M. J. Mausbach, and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2001. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy - principal components regression analyses of soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:480-490.
Cho, R.K., G. Lin, and Y.K Kwon. 1998. Nondestructive analysis for nitrogens of soils by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6:A87-A91.
Chodak, M., B. Ludwig, P. Khanna, and F. Beese. 2002. Use of near infrared spectroscopy to determine biological and chemical characteristics of organic layers under spruce and beech stands. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 165: 27-33.
Confalonieri, M., F. Fornasier, A. Ursino, F. Boccardi, B. Pintus, and M. Odoardi. 2001. The potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for the chemical characterisation of agricultural soils. J. Neaer Infrared Spectrosc. 9: 123-131.
Couillard, A., A.J. Turgeon, M.O. Westerhaus, and J.S. Shenk. 1996. Determination of soil separates with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 4:201-212
Coûteaux, M-M., B. Berg, and P. Rovira. 2003. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for determination of organic matter fractions including microbial biomass in coniferous forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35: 1587-1600
Cozzolino, D. and A. Moron 2003. The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to analyse soil chemical and physical characteristics. J. Agric. Sci. 140: 65-71.
Csillag F., L. Pasztor, and L.L, Biehl. 1993. Spectral band selection for the characterization of salinity status of soils. Remote Sens. Environ. 43:231-242.
Cwick G.J., M.T. Aide, and M.P. Bishop. 1998. Use of hyperspectal and biochemical data from black spruce needles to map soils at forest site in Manitoba. Can. J. Remote Sens. 24:187-192
Dalal, R.C. and R.J. Henry. 1986. Simultaneous determination of moisture, organic carbon, and total nitrogen by near infrared reflectance spectrophotometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 120-123.
Dunn, B.W., H.G. Beecher, G.D. Batten, and S. Ciavarella. 2002. The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for soil analysis - a case study from the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia. Aus. J. Exp. Ag. 42: 607-614
Ehsani, M.R., S.K. Upadhyaya, D. Slaughter, S. Shafii and M. Pelletier. 1999. A NIR technique for rapid determination of soil mineral nitrogen. Precision Agriculture 1: 217-234.
Fidencio, P.H., R.J. Poppi, and J.C. de Andrade. 2002. Determination of organic matter is soils using radial basis function networks and near infrared spectroscopy. Anal. Chim. Acta 453: 125-134.
Fystro, G. 2002. The prediction of C and N content and their potential mineralisation in heterogeneous soil samples using VIS-NIR spectroscopy and comparative methods. Plant Soil 246:139-149.
Gaffey, S.J. 1985. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and near infrared (0.35-2.55mm): Applications in carbonate petrology. Geology 13:270-273.
Gaffey, S. J. 1986. Spectral reflectance of carbonate minerals in the visible and near infrared (0.35-2.55mm): Calcite, aragonite and dolomite. Am. Mineral. 71:151-162.
Gaffey S.J., and K.L. Reed. 1987. Copper in calcite: Detection by visible and near infra-red reflectance. Econ. Geol. 82:195-200.
Gillon, D., R. Joffre and P. Dardenne. 1993. Predicting the stage of decay of decomposing leaves by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2552-2559.
Gillon, D., R. Joffre and A. Ibrahima. 1999. Can litter decomposability be predicted by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy? Ecology 80: 175-186.
Gillon, D., C. Houssard, and R. Joffre. 1999. Using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content in heterogeneous plant material. Oecologia 118: 173-182.
Goldshlager N, Ben-Dor E., Benyamini, M. Agassi, and D. Blumberg. 2001. Characterization of soil’s structural crust by spectral reflectance in the SWIR region (1.2-2.5 mm). Terra-Nova 7:23-55.
Goldshlager N., E. Ben-Dor, Y. Benyamini, M. Agassi, and D. Blumberg. 2002. Soil crusting and infiltration processes as monitored by soil reflectance spectroscopy in the SWIR region. Remote Sens. Environ. J. 23: 3909-3920.
Henderson, T.L., M.F. Baumgardner, D.P. Franzmeier, D.E. Stott, and D.C. Coster. 1992. High dimensional reflectance analysis of soil organic matter. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56: 865-872.
Huete A.R., and R. Escadafal. 1991. Assessment of biophysical soil properties through spectral decomposition techniques. Remote Sens. Environ. 35:149-159.
Hunt, G.R., and J.W. Salisbury. 1970. Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: I: Silicate minerals. Modern Geology 1:283-300.
Hunt G.R., Salisbury J.W., and C.J., Lenhoff. 1971. Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: III.Oxides and hydroxides. Modern Geology 2:195-205.
Hunt G.R., Salisbury J.W., and C.J., Lenhoff. 1971. Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: Sulfides and sulfates. Modern Geology 3:1-14.
Ishida T., and H. Ando. 1999. Use of disjunctive cokriging to estimate soil organic matter from Landast Thematic Mapper image. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20:1549-1565.
Ji, J.F., W.L. Balsam, J. Chen, and L.W. Liu. 2002. Rapid and quantitative measurement of hematite and geothite in the Chinese Loess-Paleosol sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Clays and Clay Min. 50: 208-216.
Joffre, R., D. Gillon, P. Dardenne, R. Agneessens and R. Biston. 1992. The use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in litter decomposition studies. Ann. Sci. For. 49: 481-488.
Kemper, T. and S. Sommer. 2002. Estimate of heavy metal contamination in soils after a mining accident using reflectance spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2742-2747.
Kooistra, L., R. Wehrens, R.S.E.W. Leuven, and L.M.C. Buydens. 2001. Possibilities of visible-near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of soil contamination in river floodplains. Analytica Chimica Acta 446: 97-105.
Krishnan, P., J.D. Alexander, B.J. Butler, and J.W. Hummel. 1980. Reflectance technique for predicting soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: 1282-1285.
Kristof, S.J. 1971. Preliminary multispectral studies of soils. J. Soil Water Conserv. :15-18.
Lindberg, J.D., and D.G. Snyder. 1972. Diffuse reflectance spectra of several clay minerals. Amer. Mineral. 57:485-493.
Liu, W., F. Baret, X. Gu, Q. Tong, L. Zheng, and B. Zhang. 2002. Relating soil surface moisture to reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 81: 238-246.
Ludwig, B., P.K. Khanna, J. Bauhus, and P. Hopmans. 2002. Near infrared spectroscopy of forest soils to determine chemical and biological properties related to soil sustainability. Forest Ecology and Management 171: 121-132.
Malley, D.F., K.N. Graham and G.R.B. Webster. 1999. Analysis of diesel-contaminated soils by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography. Journal of Soil Contamination 8: 481-489.
Malley, D. F., Yesmin, L. and Eilers, R. G. 2002. Rapid analysis of hog manure and manure-amended soils using near-infrared spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 66: 1677-1686.
Malley, D.F., L. Yesmin, D. Wray, and S. Edwards. 1999. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in analysis of soil mineral nutrients. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 30 (7/8): 999-1012.
Martin, P.D., D. F. Malley, G. Manning, and L. Fuller. 2002. Determination of soil organic carbon and nitrogen at the field level using near-infrared spectroscopy. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82: 413-422
McCarty, G.W., J.B. Reeves, III, V.B. Reeves, R.F. Follett, and J.M. Kimble. 2002. Mid-infrared and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for soil carbon measurement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 640-646.
McLellan, T.M, J.D. Aber, M.E. Martin, J.M. Melillo and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 1991. Determination of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose content of decomposing leaf material by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Can. J. Forest Res. 21: 1684-1688.
McLellan T.M, M.E. Martin, J.D. Aber, J.M. Melillo, K.J. Nadelhoffer and B. Dewey 1991. Comparison of wet chemistry and near infrared reflectance measurements of carbon-fraction chemistry and nitrogen concentration of forest foliage. Can. J. Forest Res. 21:1689-1693.
Morón, A. and D. Cozzolino. 2002. Application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of organic C, total N and pH in soils of Uruguay. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 10: 215-221.
Morra, M.J., M.H. Hall and L.L. Freeborn. 1991. Carbon and nitrogen analysis of soil fractions using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55: 288-291.
Mouazen, A.M., R. Karoui, J. De Baerdemaeker and H. Ramon. 2006. Characterization of soil water content using measured visible and near infrared spectra. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 70: 1295-1302.
Myers, V.I. and W.A. Allen. 1968. Electrooptical remote sensing methods as nondestructive testing and measuring techniques in agriculture. Applied Optics 7: 1819-1838
Nagler, P.L., C.S.T. Daughtry, and S.N. Goward. 2000. Plant litter and soil reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 71: 207-215.
Palmborg, P. and A. Nordgren. 1995. Modeling microbial activity and biomass in forest soil with substrate quality measured using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 1713-1718.
Pietikainen, J. and H. Fritze. 1995. Clear-cutting and prescribed burning in coniferous forest: Comparison of effects on soil fungal and total microbial biomass, respiration activity and nitrification. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27: 101-109.
Reeves, III, J.B, G.W. McCarty, and J.J. Meisinger. 1999. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of agricultural soils. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 7:179-193.
Reeves, III, J. B., G. W. McCarty, and T. Mimmo, T. 2002. The potential of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of carbon inventories in soil. Environ. Pollut. 116: S277-S284.
Reeves, III, J.B., G.W. McCarty, and V.B. Reeves. 2001. Mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of agricultural soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(2): 766-772.
Russell, C. A. 2003. Sample preparation and prediction of soil organic matter properties by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy. Communic. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34 (11,12): 1557-1572.
Russell, C.A., J.F. Angus, G.D. Batten, B.W. Dunn, and R.L. Williams. 2002. The potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict nitrogen mineralization in rice soils. Plant Soil 247:243-252.
Ryu, K.S, R.W. Cho, W.C Park, and B.J. Kim. 2000. Effect of particle size and scanning cup type for near infrared reflection on the soil property measurement Near Infrared Anal. 1:35-39.
Salgó, A., J. Nagy, J. Tarnóy, P. Marth, O. Pálmai, and G. Szabó-Kele. 1998. Characterisation of soils by the near infrared technique. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6:199-203.
Scheinost, A.C., A. Chavernas, V. Barron, and J. Torrent. 1998. Use and limitations of second-derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared range to identify and quantify Fe oxide minerals in soils. Clays and Clay Min. 46(5): 528-536.
Seyler F., M Bernoux and C.C. Cerri 1998. Landsat TM image texture and moisture variations of the soil surface under the rainforest of the Rondonia state, Brazil. Int. J. Remote Sens. 19:1299-1317.
Shepherd, K.D. and M.G. Walsh. 2002. Development of reflectance spectral libraries for characteization of soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 988-998.
Siebielec, G., G.W. McCarty, T.I. Stuczynski, and J.B. Reeves. 2001. Near- and mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for measuring soil metal content. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 2056-2069.
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van Groenigen, J.W., C.S. Mutters, W.R. Horwath, and C. van Kessel. 2003. NIR and DRIFT-MIR spectrometry of soils for predicting soil and crop parameters in a flooded field. Plant and Soil 250: 155-165.
Wu, Y., J. Chen, X. Wu, Q. Tian, and J. Ji. 2005. Feasibility of reflectance spectroscopy for the assessment of soil mercury contamination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 873-878.
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Reviews and Book Chapters
Ben-Dor E., J.A. Irons, and A. Epema, 1999. Soil reflectance. p.111-189. In A. Rencz (ed.) Manual of Remote Sensing, 3rd Edition, J. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Ben-Dor E., K. Patkin, R. Richter, A. Muller, and H. Koufmann. 2000. Mapping of several soil properties using DAIS-7915. p. 385-390. In M.F. Buchroithner (ed.) A decade of trans–European remote sensing cooperation. Balkema Publisher, Lisse, Aingdon, Exton, Tokyo.
Ludwig, B. and P.K. Khanna. 2001. Use of near infrared spectroscopy to determine inorganic and organic carbon fractions in soil and litter. Chapter 25, pp 361-370. Eds. R. Lal, J. M Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart. Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon. Adv. Soil Sci. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Malley, D.F., P.D. Martin, and E. Ben-Dor. 2004. Application in analysis of soils. Chapter 26, p. 729-784. In C.A. Roberts, J. Workman, Jr., and J.B. Reeves III (eds). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture. Agronomy 44. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publishers, Madison WI. Download pdf
McCarty, G.W. and J.B. Reeves 111. 2001. Development of rapid instrumental methods for measuring soil organic carbon. Chapter 26, pp 371-380. Eds. R. Lal, J. M Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart. Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon. Adv. Soil Sci. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Conference Proceedings
Börjesson, T., B. Stenberg and A. Jonsson. 2000. Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of N-mineralisation in arable soils. pp 569-570. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Cozzolino, D. and A. Moron. 2004. Determination of chemical and physical properties in arable soils in Uruguay by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Pp 345 – 349. In A.M.C. Davies and A. Garrido-Varo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Daughtry, C.S.T., J.E. McMurtrey III, P.L. Nagler, M.S. Kim, and E.W. Chappelle. 1996. Spectral reflectance of soils and crop residues. pp 505-511. In A.M.C. Davies and Phil Williams (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: The Future Waves. NIR Publications, Chichester U.K.
Dunn, B., G. Beecher, G. Batten and A. Blakeney. 2000. Estimating the uptake of nitrogen by rice crops using infrared reflectance analysis of soil pp 565-568. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Graham, K.N., D.F. Malley and G.R.B. Webster. 1998. Analysis of diesel contaminated soils by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and solid phase micro-extraction. p 435-440. Proceedings of the Second Biennial International Conference on Chemical Measurement and Monitoring of the Environment, EnviroAnalysis=98 Conference, Ottawa, 11-14 May 1998
Izaurralde, R. C., W. B. McGill, A. Bryden, S. Graham, M. Ward, and P. Dickey. 1997. Scientific challenges in developing a plan to predict and verify carbon storage in Canadian prairie soils. p. 433-446. In L. Rattan, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, and B.A. Stewart (eds.) Management of carbon sequestration in soil. Adv. Soil Sci. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Krischenko, V.P., S.G. Samokhvalov, L.G. Fomina and G.A. Novikova. 1992. Use of infrared spectroscopy for the determination of some properties of soil. pp 239-249. In. I. Murray and I.A. Cowe (eds.) Making Light Work: Advances in Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Developed from the 4th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Aberdeen, Scotland, 19-23 August 1991. VCH, Weinheim, New York, Basel, Cambridge.
Ludwig, B., and P.K. Khanna. 2001. Use of near infrared spectroscopy to determine inorganic and organic carbon fractions in soil and litter. Chapter 25. p. 361-370 In R. Lal, J. M Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart (eds.) Assessment methods for soil carbon. Adv. Soil Sci. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Malley, D.F. 2002. Emerging possibilities for near infrared spectroscopy to contribute to environmental analysis. pp. 391-398. In. A.M.C. Davies and R.K. Cho (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Malley, D.F., P.D. Martin, L. M. McClintock, L. Yesmin, R.G. Eilers, and P. Haluschak. 2000. Feasibility of analyzing archived Canadian prairie agricultural soils by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. pp 579-585. A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK. Abstract (link opens in new window)
Malley, D.F., D. Wray, J. Delaronde, L. Yesmin, L. Wesson, and S. Edwards. 1997. Application of near infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of Prairie soil from an industrial landfill: Results for 17 elements. p 77-94. Papers presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Manitoba Society of Soil Science, 21-22 January 1997.
Malley, D.F., L. Yesmin and P. Haluschak. 1998. Feasibility of applying near-infrared spectroscopy for the physical and chemical analysis of agricultural soils from Manitoba. p 423-428. Proceedings of the Second Biennial International Conference on Chemical Measurement and Monitoring of the Environment, EnviroAnalysis98 Conference, Ottawa, 11-14 May 1998.
McCarty, G.W., and J.B. Reeves, 111. 2001. Development of rapid instrumental methods for measuring soil organic carbon. Chapter 26. p. 371-380. In R. Lal, J. M Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart (eds.) Assessment methods for soil carbon . Adv. Soil Sci., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Ootake, Y. 2004. Interpretation of the cause of the non-linearity problem seen in the NIR measurement of soil. Pp 351- 356. In A.M.C. Davies and A. Garrido-Varo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Reeves, III, J.B., and McCarty, G.W. 2000. The potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for spatial mapping of soil composition for use in precision agriculture. p. 587-591. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds.) Near infrared spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th international conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex,UK.
Ootake, Y., M. Hioki, H. Tamaru, T. Sato, A. Miyoshi and T. Yoshikawa. 2000. Soil analysis by near infrared spectroscopy: examination of methods to solve non-linearity in regression. pp 571-577. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th international conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex,UK.
Peña, F., N. Gallardo, C. del Campillo, A. Garrido-Varo, V. Fernández-Cabanás, and A. Delgado. 2002. Estimating soil properties using near infrared spectroscopy to assess amendments in intensive horticultural production. pp. 325-328. In. A.M.C. Davies and R.K. Cho (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Reeves, III, J.B. and G.W. McCarty. 2000. The potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for spatial mapping of soil composition for use in precision agriculture. pp 579-585. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Rhu, K.S., J.S. Park, and B.J. Kim. 2002. Evaluation of rapid determiantion of phosphorus in soils by near infrared spectroscopy. pp 399-403. In. A.M.C. Davies and R.K. Cho (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Ryu, K.S., B.J. Kim, W.C. Park, and R.K. Cho. 2000. Development of a soil analyzer using near infrared spectroscopy. p. 593-597. In A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo (eds.) Near infrared spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 9th international conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, Sussex, UK.
Ryu, K.S., J.S. Park, and B.J. Kim. 2002. Evaluation of rapid determination of phosphorous in soils by near infrared spectroscopy. p. 399-403. In A.M.C. Davies and R.K. Cho (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Shenk, J. S. 2004. Evaluation of the visible spectrum to measure plant and soil characteristics. Pp. 339-343. In A.M.C. Davies and A. Garrido-Varo (eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. NIR Publications, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Stenberg, B., A. Jonsson, and T. Börjesson. 2002. Near infrared technology for soil analysis with implications for precision agriculture. pp 279-284. In. A.M.C. Davies and R.K. Cho (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. NIR Publications, Norwich UK.
Stenberg, B., and E. Nordkvist. 1996. Near infrared reflectance measurements to assess the chemical and physical variations in arable soils. pp 498-504. In A.M.C. Davies and Phil Williams (Eds). Near Infrared Spectroscopy: The Future Waves. NIR Publications, Chichester U.K.
Sudduth, K. A., and J. W. Hummel. 1996. Geographic operating range evaluation of a NIR soil sensor. Trans. ASAE 39:1599-1604.
Udelhoven T., J. Hill, B. Schutt, and L.H. Cammeraat. 1998. A neural network approach for the identification of the organic carbon content of soils in a degraded semiarid ecosystem (Guadalentin, Spain) based on hyperspectral data from the DAIS-7915 sensor. p. 437-444. Proceedings of the 1ST EARSeL Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy, Zurich 6-8 October 1998
Reports
Malley, D.F. and P.D. Martin. 2000. Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid method for soil analysis. Report to the Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council Inc. March, 46 pp. Executive summary (link opens in new window)
Malley, D.F., D. Wray, J. Delaronde, L. Yesmin, L. Wesson, and S. Edwards. 1997. Application of near infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of Prairie soil from an industrial landfill: Results for 17 elements. p 77-94. Papers presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Manitoba Society of Soil Science, 21-22 January 1997.
Martin, P.D., Malley, D.F., and R. G. Garrett. 2000. Feasibility study on measuring metals and organic matter in dried Prairie soils and Cd in durum wheat by near-infrared spectroscopy. pp 144 -148. Proceedings for the 43nd Annual Meeting of the Manitoba Soil Science Society, January 25-26, 2000.